asm.go

     1  // Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  package wasm
     6  
     7  import (
     8  	"bytes"
     9  	"cmd/internal/objabi"
    10  	"cmd/link/internal/ld"
    11  	"cmd/link/internal/loader"
    12  	"cmd/link/internal/sym"
    13  	"internal/buildcfg"
    14  	"io"
    15  	"regexp"
    16  )
    17  
    18  const (
    19  	I32 = 0x7F
    20  	I64 = 0x7E
    21  	F32 = 0x7D
    22  	F64 = 0x7C
    23  )
    24  
    25  const (
    26  	sectionCustom   = 0
    27  	sectionType     = 1
    28  	sectionImport   = 2
    29  	sectionFunction = 3
    30  	sectionTable    = 4
    31  	sectionMemory   = 5
    32  	sectionGlobal   = 6
    33  	sectionExport   = 7
    34  	sectionStart    = 8
    35  	sectionElement  = 9
    36  	sectionCode     = 10
    37  	sectionData     = 11
    38  )
    39  
    40  // funcValueOffset is the offset between the PC_F value of a function and the index of the function in WebAssembly
    41  const funcValueOffset = 0x1000 // TODO(neelance): make function addresses play nice with heap addresses
    42  
    43  func gentext(ctxt *ld.Link, ldr *loader.Loader) {
    44  }
    45  
    46  type wasmFunc struct {
    47  	Name string
    48  	Type uint32
    49  	Code []byte
    50  }
    51  
    52  type wasmFuncType struct {
    53  	Params  []byte
    54  	Results []byte
    55  }
    56  
    57  var wasmFuncTypes = map[string]*wasmFuncType{
    58  	"_rt0_wasm_js":           {Params: []byte{}},                                         //
    59  	"wasm_export_run":        {Params: []byte{I32, I32}},                                 // argc, argv
    60  	"wasm_export_resume":     {Params: []byte{}},                                         //
    61  	"wasm_export_getsp":      {Results: []byte{I32}},                                     // sp
    62  	"wasm_pc_f_loop":         {Params: []byte{}},                                         //
    63  	"runtime.wasmMove":       {Params: []byte{I32, I32, I32}},                            // dst, src, len
    64  	"runtime.wasmZero":       {Params: []byte{I32, I32}},                                 // ptr, len
    65  	"runtime.wasmDiv":        {Params: []byte{I64, I64}, Results: []byte{I64}},           // x, y -> x/y
    66  	"runtime.wasmTruncS":     {Params: []byte{F64}, Results: []byte{I64}},                // x -> int(x)
    67  	"runtime.wasmTruncU":     {Params: []byte{F64}, Results: []byte{I64}},                // x -> uint(x)
    68  	"runtime.gcWriteBarrier": {Params: []byte{I64, I64}},                                 // ptr, val
    69  	"cmpbody":                {Params: []byte{I64, I64, I64, I64}, Results: []byte{I64}}, // a, alen, b, blen -> -1/0/1
    70  	"memeqbody":              {Params: []byte{I64, I64, I64}, Results: []byte{I64}},      // a, b, len -> 0/1
    71  	"memcmp":                 {Params: []byte{I32, I32, I32}, Results: []byte{I32}},      // a, b, len -> <0/0/>0
    72  	"memchr":                 {Params: []byte{I32, I32, I32}, Results: []byte{I32}},      // s, c, len -> index
    73  }
    74  
    75  func assignAddress(ldr *loader.Loader, sect *sym.Section, n int, s loader.Sym, va uint64, isTramp bool) (*sym.Section, int, uint64) {
    76  	// WebAssembly functions do not live in the same address space as the linear memory.
    77  	// Instead, WebAssembly automatically assigns indices. Imported functions (section "import")
    78  	// have indices 0 to n. They are followed by native functions (sections "function" and "code")
    79  	// with indices n+1 and following.
    80  	//
    81  	// The following rules describe how wasm handles function indices and addresses:
    82  	//   PC_F = funcValueOffset + WebAssembly function index (not including the imports)
    83  	//   s.Value = PC = PC_F<<16 + PC_B
    84  	//
    85  	// The funcValueOffset is necessary to avoid conflicts with expectations
    86  	// that the Go runtime has about function addresses.
    87  	// The field "s.Value" corresponds to the concept of PC at runtime.
    88  	// However, there is no PC register, only PC_F and PC_B. PC_F denotes the function,
    89  	// PC_B the resume point inside of that function. The entry of the function has PC_B = 0.
    90  	ldr.SetSymSect(s, sect)
    91  	ldr.SetSymValue(s, int64(funcValueOffset+va/ld.MINFUNC)<<16) // va starts at zero
    92  	va += uint64(ld.MINFUNC)
    93  	return sect, n, va
    94  }
    95  
    96  type wasmDataSect struct {
    97  	sect *sym.Section
    98  	data []byte
    99  }
   100  
   101  var dataSects []wasmDataSect
   102  
   103  func asmb(ctxt *ld.Link, ldr *loader.Loader) {
   104  	sections := []*sym.Section{
   105  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.rodata", 0)),
   106  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.typelink", 0)),
   107  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.itablink", 0)),
   108  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.symtab", 0)),
   109  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.pclntab", 0)),
   110  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.noptrdata", 0)),
   111  		ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.data", 0)),
   112  	}
   113  
   114  	dataSects = make([]wasmDataSect, len(sections))
   115  	for i, sect := range sections {
   116  		data := ld.DatblkBytes(ctxt, int64(sect.Vaddr), int64(sect.Length))
   117  		dataSects[i] = wasmDataSect{sect, data}
   118  	}
   119  }
   120  
   121  // asmb writes the final WebAssembly module binary.
   122  // Spec: https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/binary/modules.html
   123  func asmb2(ctxt *ld.Link, ldr *loader.Loader) {
   124  	types := []*wasmFuncType{
   125  		// For normal Go functions, the single parameter is PC_B,
   126  		// the return value is
   127  		// 0 if the function returned normally or
   128  		// 1 if the stack needs to be unwound.
   129  		{Params: []byte{I32}, Results: []byte{I32}},
   130  	}
   131  
   132  	// collect host imports (functions that get imported from the WebAssembly host, usually JavaScript)
   133  	hostImports := []*wasmFunc{
   134  		{
   135  			Name: "debug",
   136  			Type: lookupType(&wasmFuncType{Params: []byte{I32}}, &types),
   137  		},
   138  	}
   139  	hostImportMap := make(map[loader.Sym]int64)
   140  	for _, fn := range ctxt.Textp {
   141  		relocs := ldr.Relocs(fn)
   142  		for ri := 0; ri < relocs.Count(); ri++ {
   143  			r := relocs.At(ri)
   144  			if r.Type() == objabi.R_WASMIMPORT {
   145  				hostImportMap[r.Sym()] = int64(len(hostImports))
   146  				hostImports = append(hostImports, &wasmFunc{
   147  					Name: ldr.SymName(r.Sym()),
   148  					Type: lookupType(&wasmFuncType{Params: []byte{I32}}, &types),
   149  				})
   150  			}
   151  		}
   152  	}
   153  
   154  	// collect functions with WebAssembly body
   155  	var buildid []byte
   156  	fns := make([]*wasmFunc, len(ctxt.Textp))
   157  	for i, fn := range ctxt.Textp {
   158  		wfn := new(bytes.Buffer)
   159  		if ldr.SymName(fn) == "go.buildid" {
   160  			writeUleb128(wfn, 0) // number of sets of locals
   161  			writeI32Const(wfn, 0)
   162  			wfn.WriteByte(0x0b) // end
   163  			buildid = ldr.Data(fn)
   164  		} else {
   165  			// Relocations have variable length, handle them here.
   166  			relocs := ldr.Relocs(fn)
   167  			P := ldr.Data(fn)
   168  			off := int32(0)
   169  			for ri := 0; ri < relocs.Count(); ri++ {
   170  				r := relocs.At(ri)
   171  				if r.Siz() == 0 {
   172  					continue // skip marker relocations
   173  				}
   174  				wfn.Write(P[off:r.Off()])
   175  				off = r.Off()
   176  				rs := r.Sym()
   177  				switch r.Type() {
   178  				case objabi.R_ADDR:
   179  					writeSleb128(wfn, ldr.SymValue(rs)+r.Add())
   180  				case objabi.R_CALL:
   181  					writeSleb128(wfn, int64(len(hostImports))+ldr.SymValue(rs)>>16-funcValueOffset)
   182  				case objabi.R_WASMIMPORT:
   183  					writeSleb128(wfn, hostImportMap[rs])
   184  				default:
   185  					ldr.Errorf(fn, "bad reloc type %d (%s)", r.Type(), sym.RelocName(ctxt.Arch, r.Type()))
   186  					continue
   187  				}
   188  			}
   189  			wfn.Write(P[off:])
   190  		}
   191  
   192  		typ := uint32(0)
   193  		if sig, ok := wasmFuncTypes[ldr.SymName(fn)]; ok {
   194  			typ = lookupType(sig, &types)
   195  		}
   196  
   197  		name := nameRegexp.ReplaceAllString(ldr.SymName(fn), "_")
   198  		fns[i] = &wasmFunc{Name: name, Type: typ, Code: wfn.Bytes()}
   199  	}
   200  
   201  	ctxt.Out.Write([]byte{0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d}) // magic
   202  	ctxt.Out.Write([]byte{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}) // version
   203  
   204  	// Add any buildid early in the binary:
   205  	if len(buildid) != 0 {
   206  		writeBuildID(ctxt, buildid)
   207  	}
   208  
   209  	writeTypeSec(ctxt, types)
   210  	writeImportSec(ctxt, hostImports)
   211  	writeFunctionSec(ctxt, fns)
   212  	writeTableSec(ctxt, fns)
   213  	writeMemorySec(ctxt, ldr)
   214  	writeGlobalSec(ctxt)
   215  	writeExportSec(ctxt, ldr, len(hostImports))
   216  	writeElementSec(ctxt, uint64(len(hostImports)), uint64(len(fns)))
   217  	writeCodeSec(ctxt, fns)
   218  	writeDataSec(ctxt)
   219  	writeProducerSec(ctxt)
   220  	if !*ld.FlagS {
   221  		writeNameSec(ctxt, len(hostImports), fns)
   222  	}
   223  }
   224  
   225  func lookupType(sig *wasmFuncType, types *[]*wasmFuncType) uint32 {
   226  	for i, t := range *types {
   227  		if bytes.Equal(sig.Params, t.Params) && bytes.Equal(sig.Results, t.Results) {
   228  			return uint32(i)
   229  		}
   230  	}
   231  	*types = append(*types, sig)
   232  	return uint32(len(*types) - 1)
   233  }
   234  
   235  func writeSecHeader(ctxt *ld.Link, id uint8) int64 {
   236  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(id)
   237  	sizeOffset := ctxt.Out.Offset()
   238  	ctxt.Out.Write(make([]byte, 5)) // placeholder for length
   239  	return sizeOffset
   240  }
   241  
   242  func writeSecSize(ctxt *ld.Link, sizeOffset int64) {
   243  	endOffset := ctxt.Out.Offset()
   244  	ctxt.Out.SeekSet(sizeOffset)
   245  	writeUleb128FixedLength(ctxt.Out, uint64(endOffset-sizeOffset-5), 5)
   246  	ctxt.Out.SeekSet(endOffset)
   247  }
   248  
   249  func writeBuildID(ctxt *ld.Link, buildid []byte) {
   250  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionCustom)
   251  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "go.buildid")
   252  	ctxt.Out.Write(buildid)
   253  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   254  }
   255  
   256  // writeTypeSec writes the section that declares all function types
   257  // so they can be referenced by index.
   258  func writeTypeSec(ctxt *ld.Link, types []*wasmFuncType) {
   259  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionType)
   260  
   261  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(types)))
   262  
   263  	for _, t := range types {
   264  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x60) // functype
   265  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(t.Params)))
   266  		for _, v := range t.Params {
   267  			ctxt.Out.WriteByte(byte(v))
   268  		}
   269  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(t.Results)))
   270  		for _, v := range t.Results {
   271  			ctxt.Out.WriteByte(byte(v))
   272  		}
   273  	}
   274  
   275  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   276  }
   277  
   278  // writeImportSec writes the section that lists the functions that get
   279  // imported from the WebAssembly host, usually JavaScript.
   280  func writeImportSec(ctxt *ld.Link, hostImports []*wasmFunc) {
   281  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionImport)
   282  
   283  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(hostImports))) // number of imports
   284  	for _, fn := range hostImports {
   285  		writeName(ctxt.Out, "go") // provided by the import object in wasm_exec.js
   286  		writeName(ctxt.Out, fn.Name)
   287  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x00) // func import
   288  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(fn.Type))
   289  	}
   290  
   291  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   292  }
   293  
   294  // writeFunctionSec writes the section that declares the types of functions.
   295  // The bodies of these functions will later be provided in the "code" section.
   296  func writeFunctionSec(ctxt *ld.Link, fns []*wasmFunc) {
   297  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionFunction)
   298  
   299  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(fns)))
   300  	for _, fn := range fns {
   301  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(fn.Type))
   302  	}
   303  
   304  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   305  }
   306  
   307  // writeTableSec writes the section that declares tables. Currently there is only a single table
   308  // that is used by the CallIndirect operation to dynamically call any function.
   309  // The contents of the table get initialized by the "element" section.
   310  func writeTableSec(ctxt *ld.Link, fns []*wasmFunc) {
   311  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionTable)
   312  
   313  	numElements := uint64(funcValueOffset + len(fns))
   314  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 1)           // number of tables
   315  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x70)            // type: anyfunc
   316  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x00)            // no max
   317  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, numElements) // min
   318  
   319  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   320  }
   321  
   322  // writeMemorySec writes the section that declares linear memories. Currently one linear memory is being used.
   323  // Linear memory always starts at address zero. More memory can be requested with the GrowMemory instruction.
   324  func writeMemorySec(ctxt *ld.Link, ldr *loader.Loader) {
   325  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionMemory)
   326  
   327  	dataSection := ldr.SymSect(ldr.Lookup("runtime.data", 0))
   328  	dataEnd := dataSection.Vaddr + dataSection.Length
   329  	var initialSize = dataEnd + 16<<20 // 16MB, enough for runtime init without growing
   330  
   331  	const wasmPageSize = 64 << 10 // 64KB
   332  
   333  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 1)                        // number of memories
   334  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x00)                         // no maximum memory size
   335  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, initialSize/wasmPageSize) // minimum (initial) memory size
   336  
   337  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   338  }
   339  
   340  // writeGlobalSec writes the section that declares global variables.
   341  func writeGlobalSec(ctxt *ld.Link) {
   342  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionGlobal)
   343  
   344  	globalRegs := []byte{
   345  		I32, // 0: SP
   346  		I64, // 1: CTXT
   347  		I64, // 2: g
   348  		I64, // 3: RET0
   349  		I64, // 4: RET1
   350  		I64, // 5: RET2
   351  		I64, // 6: RET3
   352  		I32, // 7: PAUSE
   353  	}
   354  
   355  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(globalRegs))) // number of globals
   356  
   357  	for _, typ := range globalRegs {
   358  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(typ)
   359  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x01) // var
   360  		switch typ {
   361  		case I32:
   362  			writeI32Const(ctxt.Out, 0)
   363  		case I64:
   364  			writeI64Const(ctxt.Out, 0)
   365  		}
   366  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x0b) // end
   367  	}
   368  
   369  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   370  }
   371  
   372  // writeExportSec writes the section that declares exports.
   373  // Exports can be accessed by the WebAssembly host, usually JavaScript.
   374  // The wasm_export_* functions and the linear memory get exported.
   375  func writeExportSec(ctxt *ld.Link, ldr *loader.Loader, lenHostImports int) {
   376  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionExport)
   377  
   378  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 4) // number of exports
   379  
   380  	for _, name := range []string{"run", "resume", "getsp"} {
   381  		s := ldr.Lookup("wasm_export_"+name, 0)
   382  		idx := uint32(lenHostImports) + uint32(ldr.SymValue(s)>>16) - funcValueOffset
   383  		writeName(ctxt.Out, name)           // inst.exports.run/resume/getsp in wasm_exec.js
   384  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x00)            // func export
   385  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(idx)) // funcidx
   386  	}
   387  
   388  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "mem") // inst.exports.mem in wasm_exec.js
   389  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x02)   // mem export
   390  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 0)  // memidx
   391  
   392  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   393  }
   394  
   395  // writeElementSec writes the section that initializes the tables declared by the "table" section.
   396  // The table for CallIndirect gets initialized in a very simple way so that each table index (PC_F value)
   397  // maps linearly to the function index (numImports + PC_F).
   398  func writeElementSec(ctxt *ld.Link, numImports, numFns uint64) {
   399  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionElement)
   400  
   401  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 1) // number of element segments
   402  
   403  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 0) // tableidx
   404  	writeI32Const(ctxt.Out, funcValueOffset)
   405  	ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x0b) // end
   406  
   407  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, numFns) // number of entries
   408  	for i := uint64(0); i < numFns; i++ {
   409  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, numImports+i)
   410  	}
   411  
   412  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   413  }
   414  
   415  // writeElementSec writes the section that provides the function bodies for the functions
   416  // declared by the "func" section.
   417  func writeCodeSec(ctxt *ld.Link, fns []*wasmFunc) {
   418  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionCode)
   419  
   420  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(fns))) // number of code entries
   421  	for _, fn := range fns {
   422  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(fn.Code)))
   423  		ctxt.Out.Write(fn.Code)
   424  	}
   425  
   426  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   427  }
   428  
   429  // writeDataSec writes the section that provides data that will be used to initialize the linear memory.
   430  func writeDataSec(ctxt *ld.Link) {
   431  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionData)
   432  
   433  	type dataSegment struct {
   434  		offset int32
   435  		data   []byte
   436  	}
   437  
   438  	// Omit blocks of zeroes and instead emit data segments with offsets skipping the zeroes.
   439  	// This reduces the size of the WebAssembly binary. We use 8 bytes as an estimate for the
   440  	// overhead of adding a new segment (same as wasm-opt's memory-packing optimization uses).
   441  	const segmentOverhead = 8
   442  
   443  	// Generate at most this many segments. A higher number of segments gets rejected by some WebAssembly runtimes.
   444  	const maxNumSegments = 100000
   445  
   446  	var segments []*dataSegment
   447  	for secIndex, ds := range dataSects {
   448  		data := ds.data
   449  		offset := int32(ds.sect.Vaddr)
   450  
   451  		// skip leading zeroes
   452  		for len(data) > 0 && data[0] == 0 {
   453  			data = data[1:]
   454  			offset++
   455  		}
   456  
   457  		for len(data) > 0 {
   458  			dataLen := int32(len(data))
   459  			var segmentEnd, zeroEnd int32
   460  			if len(segments)+(len(dataSects)-secIndex) == maxNumSegments {
   461  				segmentEnd = dataLen
   462  				zeroEnd = dataLen
   463  			} else {
   464  				for {
   465  					// look for beginning of zeroes
   466  					for segmentEnd < dataLen && data[segmentEnd] != 0 {
   467  						segmentEnd++
   468  					}
   469  					// look for end of zeroes
   470  					zeroEnd = segmentEnd
   471  					for zeroEnd < dataLen && data[zeroEnd] == 0 {
   472  						zeroEnd++
   473  					}
   474  					// emit segment if omitting zeroes reduces the output size
   475  					if zeroEnd-segmentEnd >= segmentOverhead || zeroEnd == dataLen {
   476  						break
   477  					}
   478  					segmentEnd = zeroEnd
   479  				}
   480  			}
   481  
   482  			segments = append(segments, &dataSegment{
   483  				offset: offset,
   484  				data:   data[:segmentEnd],
   485  			})
   486  			data = data[zeroEnd:]
   487  			offset += zeroEnd
   488  		}
   489  	}
   490  
   491  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(segments))) // number of data entries
   492  	for _, seg := range segments {
   493  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 0) // memidx
   494  		writeI32Const(ctxt.Out, seg.offset)
   495  		ctxt.Out.WriteByte(0x0b) // end
   496  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(seg.data)))
   497  		ctxt.Out.Write(seg.data)
   498  	}
   499  
   500  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   501  }
   502  
   503  // writeProducerSec writes an optional section that reports the source language and compiler version.
   504  func writeProducerSec(ctxt *ld.Link) {
   505  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionCustom)
   506  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "producers")
   507  
   508  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 2) // number of fields
   509  
   510  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "language")       // field name
   511  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 1)             // number of values
   512  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "Go")             // value: name
   513  	writeName(ctxt.Out, buildcfg.Version) // value: version
   514  
   515  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "processed-by")   // field name
   516  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, 1)             // number of values
   517  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "Go cmd/compile") // value: name
   518  	writeName(ctxt.Out, buildcfg.Version) // value: version
   519  
   520  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   521  }
   522  
   523  var nameRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`[^\w\.]`)
   524  
   525  // writeNameSec writes an optional section that assigns names to the functions declared by the "func" section.
   526  // The names are only used by WebAssembly stack traces, debuggers and decompilers.
   527  // TODO(neelance): add symbol table of DATA symbols
   528  func writeNameSec(ctxt *ld.Link, firstFnIndex int, fns []*wasmFunc) {
   529  	sizeOffset := writeSecHeader(ctxt, sectionCustom)
   530  	writeName(ctxt.Out, "name")
   531  
   532  	sizeOffset2 := writeSecHeader(ctxt, 0x01) // function names
   533  	writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(len(fns)))
   534  	for i, fn := range fns {
   535  		writeUleb128(ctxt.Out, uint64(firstFnIndex+i))
   536  		writeName(ctxt.Out, fn.Name)
   537  	}
   538  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset2)
   539  
   540  	writeSecSize(ctxt, sizeOffset)
   541  }
   542  
   543  type nameWriter interface {
   544  	io.ByteWriter
   545  	io.Writer
   546  }
   547  
   548  func writeI32Const(w io.ByteWriter, v int32) {
   549  	w.WriteByte(0x41) // i32.const
   550  	writeSleb128(w, int64(v))
   551  }
   552  
   553  func writeI64Const(w io.ByteWriter, v int64) {
   554  	w.WriteByte(0x42) // i64.const
   555  	writeSleb128(w, v)
   556  }
   557  
   558  func writeName(w nameWriter, name string) {
   559  	writeUleb128(w, uint64(len(name)))
   560  	w.Write([]byte(name))
   561  }
   562  
   563  func writeUleb128(w io.ByteWriter, v uint64) {
   564  	if v < 128 {
   565  		w.WriteByte(uint8(v))
   566  		return
   567  	}
   568  	more := true
   569  	for more {
   570  		c := uint8(v & 0x7f)
   571  		v >>= 7
   572  		more = v != 0
   573  		if more {
   574  			c |= 0x80
   575  		}
   576  		w.WriteByte(c)
   577  	}
   578  }
   579  
   580  func writeUleb128FixedLength(w io.ByteWriter, v uint64, length int) {
   581  	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
   582  		c := uint8(v & 0x7f)
   583  		v >>= 7
   584  		if i < length-1 {
   585  			c |= 0x80
   586  		}
   587  		w.WriteByte(c)
   588  	}
   589  	if v != 0 {
   590  		panic("writeUleb128FixedLength: length too small")
   591  	}
   592  }
   593  
   594  func writeSleb128(w io.ByteWriter, v int64) {
   595  	more := true
   596  	for more {
   597  		c := uint8(v & 0x7f)
   598  		s := uint8(v & 0x40)
   599  		v >>= 7
   600  		more = !((v == 0 && s == 0) || (v == -1 && s != 0))
   601  		if more {
   602  			c |= 0x80
   603  		}
   604  		w.WriteByte(c)
   605  	}
   606  }
   607
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